个人感觉很棒的一篇文章--水族缸中的光谱选择（译自水族驿站）

mynameismo

个人感觉很棒的一篇文章，有理有据，分享给大家，内容有些长，好研究的鱼友可以一起讨论，翻译不妥之处请指证。原文出处http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2012/10/aafeature

目录
一、海水中的光谱分布
二、珊瑚显色的成因—色素蛋白--5楼
三、人眼的视觉特性--6楼
四、珊瑚的荧光发色特性--7楼
五、光强对于珊瑚显色的影响--8楼
六、LED的优势---15#、16#
七、光的色彩特性--17#、18#
八、LED灯光谱配置--19#、20#

一、海水中的光谱分布
Perhaps every reef hobbyist is willing to provide the "right" light to his corals - both correct spectrum and sufficient intensity are important. Before we consider how to implement this "right light," we shall first try to understand what kind of light marine organisms get in their natural environment.
As our starting point, consider the spectral distribution of solar energy in Fiji in July, Fig. 1:
也许每一个礁岩爱好者愿意提供“正确”的光给他的珊瑚-正确的频谱和足够的强度是重要的。在我们考虑如何实施这一“正确的光”，我们要先了解海洋生物在自然环境中是什么样的光。
我们从七月斐济的日光光谱出发讨论以下问题


Fig. 1 Spectral distribution of sunlight energy at the level of the sea
图1光能量在海中光谱分布


The horizontal axis of the graph is wavelength, in nanometers, and the vertical axis is spectral irradiance, in W/m2·nm. The human eye is sensitive to radiation in the range between approximately 400 and 700nm, therefore we marked the wavelength ranges shorter than 400nm (ultraviolet light) or longer than 700nm (infrared radiation) in black, whereas visible wavelengths are colored as they are perceived by the eye.
The chart in Fig. 1 has been obtained from the solar spectrum at the boundary of the earth atmosphere using the SMARTS 2.9.5 scientific simulation software. This simulator takes into account light absorption by various components of the atmosphere as well as scattered light from the sky.
该图的横轴是波长，纳米，纵轴是光谱辐照度，单位：W /平方米·nm。人类的眼睛是在约400和700nm范围辐射敏感，因此我们把短于400nm波长范围（紫外线）或大于700nm（红外辐射）显示为黑色，而可见光波长的颜色也由眼睛感知。
图1中的图是使用SMARTS 2.9.5科学仿真软件模拟边界的地球大气层的太阳光谱。该模拟器考察大气中各种成分的吸收光以及散射光。

Let us now try to find out what kind of light spectrum is available to marine organisms in their natural environment. In our attempt to build an ideal light fixture for our reef tanks we shall try to generate a similar spectral distribution at certain depths underwater.
现在让我们尝试找出什么样的光谱在自然环境中可对海洋生物是适宜的。当我们想要试图为礁岩缸建立一个理想的灯具时，我们需要在一定深度的水下生成一个类似的光谱分布。
Different coral species live on various depths: some live in very shallow waters, whereas deep water corals, such as Bathypates spp., can be found on the depths of up to 8000 meters (about 5 miles). About 20% of all coral species are non photosynthetic; they do not require any light as a food source. Most corals, however, are photosynthetic, and these are the species which are kept most often at home aquaria. We shall try to figure out what kind of light they prefer.
不同的珊瑚物种生活在不同深度：一些生活在很浅的水域，而深水珊瑚，如bathypates属，可在深达8000米的深处（约5英里）。大约20%的珊瑚物种是非光合的；他们不需要任何光作为食物来源。然而，大部分的珊瑚是光合的，这些是在家庭中最经常被饲养的物种。我们将尝试找出他们喜欢什么样的光。
Consider the graph of solar light penetration into marine water, depending on wavelength, compiled by the Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the European Commission [4] (Fig. 2):
太阳光穿透海水的光谱图，根据波长来绘制（横轴是波长），通过环境与欧盟委员会[ 4 ]可持续发展研究所编制的（图2）：



Fig. 2 Penetration of light into seawater, depending on wavelength
太阳光穿透海水后的光谱图，根据波长来绘制（横轴是波长）


The horizontal axis is the light wavelength, in nanometers, and the vertical axis is depth, in meters, at which the intensity of that wavelength is equal to one percent of the intensity at the surface. It is clear from this graph that wavelengths between approximately 370 and 500nm best penetrate into the depth. In other words, violet and blue parts of the spectrum penetrate best into seawater, whereas green light is much worse at that, yellow-orange is even worse, and red light with wavelengths longer than 600nm is only capable of penetrating very shallow waters.
水平轴是光的波长，单位nm，垂直轴是深度，单位米，在该深度的水下光强等于水面百分之一的强度。从图上看出在约370和500nm的波长有最佳穿透力。换句话说，紫色和蓝色的部分更容易穿透海水，而绿色光穿透力较弱，黄橙光更弱，而波长600nm是唯一能够穿透很浅的水深红光。

The light spectrum on the surface can be defined as a function I0(λ), where λ is the wavelength and I0 is the intensity for corresponding wavelength at zero depth. Hence the adsorption spectrum Ia(λ) at the depth D can be determined as
Ia(λ) = I0(λ) · K(λ) · D (1)
where K(λ) is the adsorption by marine water as a function of wavelength.
The spectrum at the depth D will be equal to the spectrum on the surface I0(λ) minus the adsorption spectrum Ia(λ):
I(λ) = I0(λ) - Ia(λ),
or, by substituting (1) into this expression, we shall derive:
I(λ) = I0(λ) · (1 - K(λ) · D) (2)
From this expression we can derive the graph of light penetration into seawater d(λ):
d(λ) = (1 - I(λ) / I0(λ)) / K(λ)) (3)
Providing that the graph in Fig. 2 is based on the assumption that light intensity on the specified depth is equal to 1% of the intensity on the surface, i.e. I(λ) = 0,01 · I0(λ), we can simplify (3):
This function d(λ) is our graph of light penetration into seawater, which is pictured in Fig. 2. Using this graph we can determine light adsorption in seawater as a function of wavelength K(λ):
K(λ) = 0.99 / d(λ) (4)
By substituting the expression (4) into (2), we can derive the spectral distribution of light at a given depth D:
I(λ) = I0(λ) · (1 - 0.99 · D / d(λ)) (5)
where I0(λ) is the light spectrum on the surface and d(λ) is the graph of light penetration into seawater (Fig. 2).


这一大段大意是说：作一个假定：某一深度的下的光强是海水表面光强的百分之一，经过一番推导，得出I(λ) = I0(λ) · (1 - 0.99 · D / d(λ)) (5)
其中：I(λ)是关于波长λ在某一深度下的光强，I(λ)的函数曲线即为某一深度下的光谱图
I0(λ)是在水面上（深度为0米）的光强函数，I(λ)的函数曲线即为水面上的光谱图
D为海水深度
d（λ）为特定波长的光所能穿透海水深度

Using the expression (5) and the data from graphs in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, we can obtain the diagram of light energy distribution vs. wavelength at a given depth. As an example, on the same graph (Fig. 3) we pictured light's relative spectral distribution at the surface and at the depths of 5m (about 16.4 feet) and 15m (49 feet). Note: 15m is the maximum depth at which we can still find many light-demanding corals in nature. At the depths below 20m, the number of light demanding species sharply decreases.
使用表达式（5）及图1和图2图的数据，我们得到特定深度下波长与获取光能的关系图。作为一个例子，在同一张图（图3）我们绘制光在表面和在5m深处（约16.4英尺）和15米（49英尺）的相对光谱分布图。注：15m是我们仍能找到许多对光有苛刻要求的珊瑚在自然界的最大深度。在深度低于20m，需光物种数量急剧下降。


Fig. 3 Light spectral distribution vs. wavelength on the surface (light blue), at 5m (blue) and 15m (dark blue) depths
图3 在水面上的（浅蓝色）光谱分布图，在5m（蓝色）和15m深度（深蓝色）光谱分布图



The light-blue graph corresponds to irradiation on the surface, the blue graph - to 5m depth, and the dark-blue - to 15m depth. Note that with depth, the red part of the spectrum virtually disappears.
图3 在水面上的（浅蓝色）光谱分布图，在5m（蓝色）和15m深度（深蓝色）光谱分布图
淡蓝色的图对应的水面上光谱分布，5m深度是蓝图光谱分布，深蓝色是15m深度光谱分布。注意在深水中，光谱中的红色部分几乎消失。
During hundreds of millions years of evolution marine photosynthetic organisms adapted to best utilize mainly the violet and blue parts of the spectrum, which is more abundant in their environment, and are not very sensitive to the red spectrum (which, in contrast, is most actively utilized by terrestrial plants). Symbiotic zooxanthellae in marine photosynthetic organisms are primitive Pyrrophyta algae [5] containing mainly chlorophyll a and c and carotenoid pigments (peridinine, xanthins, etc) which exhibit strong absorption in the blue-green part of the spectrum. [6,7,22]. Fig. 4 [22] demonstrates light adsorption by zooxanthellae.

在数百万年进化中，海洋光合生物形成了主要使用光谱段中紫光和蓝光（这些光在水中更充足）的适应性，而对红光不太敏感（而红光被陆地植物最大化的利用）。海洋光合生物共生藻是原始的Pyrrophyta algae[ 5 ]，它含有叶绿素A和C 并且是 Carotenoid的主要色素成分（peridinine，xanthins等），Carotenoid在蓝绿色光谱段具有极强的吸收能力。[ 6,7,22 ]。（译者注：吸收能力强的波段会形成峰值）
   
Fig. 4 Light absorption by zooxanthellae
图4 [ 22 ]共生藻吸收光分布图。


The horizontal axis is the wavelength, in nanometers, and vertical axis is adsorption, in arbitrary units. You can see from the graph that violet and blue colors strongly prevail over red (note that for red spectrum, the 660-680nm range is preferable).
水平轴是波长，单位nm，纵轴是吸附能力，为相对单位。可以从图中看到，紫色和蓝色段要远多于红色（注意红色光谱的范围，660-680nm段较多）。
Our main conclusion from the above is that violet and blue light are most important for marine photosynthetic organisms.
我们从以上得出的主要结论是，紫色和蓝色光的海洋对光合生物最重要。

哈尔滨之光

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应该注明是从水族驿站转来的

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mynameismo

二、珊瑚显色的成因—色素蛋白
Knowing what is naturally available to corals from the color spectrum, we shall now consider the next important issue: how irradiation by different spectral ranges affects coral coloration?
知道了自然状态下什么颜色的光谱是对珊瑚有用的，我们现在应当考虑的一个重要问题：如何通过不同的光谱范围辐射会影响珊瑚的颜色？

Before we consider the influence of the light spectrum on coral coloration I would like to point out that even coloration of the same coral may vary significantly depending on conditions. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to provide exactly identical conditions for the corals, even in the same aquarium - and this is even harder for two different tanks. Without providing the right conditions for the corals, other attempts to improve their coloration, such as adjustments of the light spectrum, will be in vain.
在我们考虑什么光波段会对珊瑚颜色造成影响前，我想指出，即使颜色相同的珊瑚其显色性也取决于具体条件。然而，即使在相同的缸中也很难为珊瑚提供完全相同的条件，更别说是两个不同的缸。如果没有给珊瑚提供合适的条件，其他试图改善他们颜色的方法将是徒劳的（例如光谱的调整）。
Experienced reef keepers well know how variable the coloration of the same coral can be in different conditions. There are three main factors which affect it most: light spectrum and intensity, the amount of food available in water (although coral polyps receive a significant portion of their energy from the zooxanthellae, they are also able to capture food particles from the water column), and from the purity of the water. This last factor is easiest to control: techniques to maintain pristine water in reef aquaria are well known. The second factor, too, can be solved easily since there are a number of quality coral foods readily available on the market. At the same time many aquarists believe that, if there are fish living in a reef aquarium, corals will get sufficient food from small particles which float around from feeding the fish (and fish poo too is consumed by corals).
有经验的海缸玩家都知道在不同的条件下，相同珊瑚的颜色会发生极大的变化。最具影响的有三个主要因素：光光谱和强度，水中可用的食物的量（虽然珊瑚接收很大一部分能量来自虫黄藻，但它们也可以从水体中捕获食物颗粒） ，以及水质。最后一个因素是最容易控制的：水族箱中保持水质是众所周知的。第二个因素，也可以很容易地解决，因为市面上有许多高质量的珊瑚食品。同时，许多鱼友认为，如果缸中生活有观赏鱼，珊瑚也会得到足够的食物，因为喂鱼会产生漂浮的小颗粒（并且鱼便便也被珊瑚消耗）。
Light is the last important factor required for good health and the coloration of corals, and yet has not been studied sufficiently well in reef keeping.
光线是使珊瑚状态健康及显色的最后一个重要的因素，但迄今为止光的因素在珊瑚饲养方面没有得到充分的研究。

The situation is rather complex though, since corals can be very variable, and even the same species may contain different chromoproteins (proteins responsible for coloration) - their type and amount are also determined genetically, in the same way as, say, the color of human's eyes. Many of these proteins are fluorescent; i.e., they adsorb the light of a certain wavelength and radiate a different wavelength.
由于珊瑚的多样性，虽然情况相当复杂；而且即使是同一种类的珊瑚也可能含有不同的显色蛋白（蛋白质负责显色），其类型和量也由基因决定，就像人类眼睛的颜色也是由基因决定一样。许多这些蛋白质的是荧光的，即，它们吸收一定波长的光，并辐射出不同波长的光。



Fig. 5 shows four specimens of the same species, Acropora millepora, in which different chromoproteins prevail:
图。5示出了四个相同品种的鹿角珊瑚（Acropora millepora）的样本，其中不同的色蛋白占据了主导地位：
Fig. 5 The Acropora millepora specimens with different prevailing chromoproteins: (A) low concentration of chromoproteins, the color of zooxanthellae dominates; (B) green fluorescent proteins; (C) red fluorescent proteins; (D) non-fluorescent chromoproteins. Image courtesy of Dr. C. D'Angelo and Dr. J. Wiedenmann, University of Southampton, UK, Coral Magazine, Nov./Dec. 2011
图5中鹿角两天样本有不同的主导显色蛋白：（A）色素蛋白浓度低;，虫黄藻的颜色占主导地位（B）绿色荧光蛋白; （C）红色荧光蛋白; （D）非荧光色蛋白。图片出处：Dr. C. D'Angelo and Dr. J. Wiedenmann, University of Southampton, UK, Coral Magazine, Nov./Dec. 2011


Fluorescence is witnessed not only in hard corals but, for example, in Zoanthidae and Palythoya polyps which exhibit much brighter coloration when irradiated with so-called short-wavelength "actinic" light.
荧光色不仅在硬骨珊瑚中可见，同样，在例如纽扣和Palythoya polyps中也可见，即在所谓的短波长光照射下会表现出更亮的颜色。

mynameismo

三、人眼的视觉特性
Coral fluorescence is very beautiful but it is not always easy to observe it. Have a look at the luminous function (spectral sensitivity chart) of the human eye (Fig. 6). Light sensitive elements of the eye are represented by two cell types - the so-called retinal cones and rods. The first are responsible for distinguishing between colors, and the second - for grey tones. The cones work best during daytime, the rods - at night. Remember the saying "all cats are grey in the dark." This is just because we mainly see with the rods in the dark, rather than with cones. The rods do not distinguish between colors: they only sense the relative brightness of an object. The rods are most sensitive to the emerald-green part of the spectrum, with the wavelength of about 510nm (of course, when seeing by the rods, this light is only perceived as a brighter shade of gray rather than green.
珊瑚的荧光色是很漂亮，但它并不总是很容易观察到的。（图6）是人眼具有的视光特性（光谱灵敏度图）。眼睛的光敏元件由两种细胞类型来完成-所谓视网膜锥细胞（cones）和棒细胞（rods）。第一种负责区分颜色，第二种为辨别灰色的色调(译者注：辨别明暗)。视锥细胞主要胜任在白天工作，而棒细胞则在晚上。有一个法：“所有在黑暗中的猫都是灰色的。”这是因为在黑暗中辨别颜色的锥细胞对颜色不敏感，此时主要是棒细胞工作，而棒细胞不作颜色区分：它们只感测物体的相对亮度。棒细胞对翡翠绿色部分的光谱最为敏感，约在510nm处（当然，通过棒细胞看时，这个光仅仅看作是不同明暗的灰色，而不是亮绿色的波长。
There are three cell types in cones, each sensitive to a specific part of the spectrum. S-type cones are sensitive to violet and blue (S stands for Short wavelengths), M-type - for green and yellow (Medium wavelengths), and L-type - for orange and red (Long wavelengths). These three cone types, (along with the rods that are sensitive in the emerald-green part of the spectrum) are responsible for color vision in humans. The rods contain a color-sensitive pigment, rhodopsin, and their spectral characteristic depends on lighting conditions. For weak light, rhodopsin's adsorption peak is at about 510nm (the spectrum of the sky at twilight). And therefore the rods are responsible for twilight vision, when colors are hard to distinguish. At higher levels of illumination rhodopsin photo bleaches, and its sensitivity decreases, while the adsorption peak shifts into the blue region. As a result, under sufficient light, the human eye can use the rods as a shortwave (blue) light detector. S-cells are sensitive in the 400-500nm range with a maximum at 420-440nm; M-cells are sensitive in 460-630nm range, with a maximum at 534-555nm; L-cells are sensitive in the 500-700nm range with a maximum at 564-580nm [1]. Sensitivity ranges of long- and medium-wavelength cones are wide and overlapping. Therefore it is wrong to think that certain cone types only react to certain colors - they just more actively react to certain colors than to others [2]. The human eye is most sensitive in the range where sensitivities of M- and L-type cones add up: at 555nm (yellow-green light). The overall spectral sensitivity function [3] of human eye receptors is shown in Fig. 6:
有三种类型的锥细胞，每种对光谱中的特定部分较为敏感。 S型锥细胞对紫色和蓝色敏感（S代表短short的波长），M型 - 对绿色和黄色（中等middle波长），L型为橙色和红色（长long波长）。这三种类型的锥细胞连同对翡翠绿色敏感的棒细胞一起负责人类的色觉。所述棒细胞包含一种对颜色敏感的色素，视紫红质（rhodopsin），并且它们的光谱吸收特性依赖于照明条件。（译者注：光谱吸收特性决定了视紫红质对什么样的光敏感）。微弱光照条件下，视紫红质的吸收峰在约510nm处（天空在黄昏的频谱-译者注：510nm为蓝色，此处黄昏指天空尚未全黑前，并非夕阳西下）。因此在弱光条件下当颜色难以分辨时，棒细胞负责“黄昏视觉”（译者注：在弱光条件下既负责感光也负责辨别颜色。在光强变得更高时视紫红质变浅了（漂白了），以至它的灵敏度降低，而吸附峰移入了蓝色域。其结果是，在足够的光照条件下，人眼可以使用杆细胞作为短波（蓝色）的光检测器。（译者注：此处作者表达得不是非常清楚，欲深入研究可搜索：视细胞，视紫红质，暗视觉） S-细胞是在400-500nm的范围内最为敏感，而最大吸收值420-440nm; M-细胞在460-630nm范围敏感，最大在534-555nm; L细胞对564-580nm敏感在500-700nm范围内具有最大吸收值[1]。L细胞和M细胞的灵敏度范围是重叠的。因此，有人错误的认为某些类型的锥细胞只对应某些颜色，实际上它们只是对某些颜色更敏感。人眼对M细胞和和L细胞重叠的区域的光谱最为敏感：为555nm（黄绿色光）。人眼的整体光灵敏度函数[3]示于图。 6：

6

Fig. 6 Luminous function of the eye
人眼视觉光谱图（译者注：明视觉）
An important conclusion here is that the human eye sensitivity to light depends on the wavelength. For example, radiation of equal power is perceived 27 times brighter for the 555nm wavelength than for 450nm; this difference increases to 57 times for 420nm, and 135 times (!) for 410nm.
这里的一个重要结论是，人眼对光的敏感度取决于波长。例如，相等功率下的辐射被感知555nm的波长的明亮度是450nm的27倍;对于420纳米这种差异会增加至57倍，对410纳米为135倍。
Humans visually perceive any object as the sum of its reflected light and the object's intrinsic emission (an object is considered light emitting if its total emission at a certain wavelength range is higher than the falling light energy in that same region). Usually objects only reflect light, and their color is determined by the ratio, in which different wavelengths falling on its surface are adsorbed or reflected. For example, green leaves adsorb all visible wavelengths except for green, which is reflected - therefore we perceive it as green. When an object not only reflects but also emits its own light, the eye combines the emitted and reflected light spectrum into its perceived color. Yielding color depends on the ratio of the intensities and wavelengths of both reflected and emitted light. This color addition is best illustrated by the diagram shown in Fig. 7:
人类视觉的感知是通过感知对象反射光的与其自身固有发光的总合（如果一个物体在一定的波长范围内的总光能释放量高于在同一区域的吸收量则被认为是发光）。一般的对象只反射光线，而它们的颜色是由其吸收光及反射的光的比例所确定。例如，绿色的叶子吸收除了绿色外所有波长的可见光，因此，我们认为它是绿色的。当对象不仅反射光，而且自身也发光时，眼睛结合了发射和自身发光的光谱构成其感知的颜色，产生颜色取决于两者的光强和波长的比率。这种颜色加成在图中得以体现。 7：

7

Fig. 7 Additive color mixing
颜色合成图

When looking at the computer monitor, you witness the effects illustrated by this chart: every pixel on the screen consists of three sub pixels: red, green and blue, and all colors are obtained by combination of their intensities.
当注视电脑显示器时，你可以看到该图的具体体现：电脑屏幕上的每个像素包括三个子像素：红色，绿色和蓝色，所有的颜色是由其强度组合而成的。
Note that pure purple color and its tints, such as magenta or fuchsia, are unique in being non-spectral or extra-spectral: there is no specific wavelength associated with these colors, they are mixtures, and one of the required components is violet, with the wavelength around 400nm [13], and red. If a specific light source has no radiation in this range, up to 20% of the whole color palette is lost - and these are very bright colors and their shades! It is also interesting to note that by combining the yellow and blue colors the resulting color is visually perceived as pure white.
需要注意的是纯紫色及其相关染料是很独特的，例如如酱紫色（magenta）或紫红色，它们在非光谱或超光谱中才能找到：没有与这些颜色相关的特定波长，他们是合成出来的，所需的合成材料之一是约400nm[13]的紫，和红色的波长。如果一个特定的光源在不能发出此范围内的光，那么达到了整个调色板20％的颜色会损失掉 - 而这些都是非常鲜艳的色彩！同时在图中你会注意到，通过组合黄，蓝颜色产生的颜色在视觉上感知为纯白色。
Color vision is mainly inherited genetically. We are not talking about the defects of color vision, such as color blindness - but each person perceives colors in his own way, and this difference can be very significant. Apparently, it is very important to be able to adjust the spectral distribution of the light fixture, to find an individually suitable color distribution in the reef tank.
对颜色的感知力（色觉）主要是遗传基因决定的。即便我们不考虑色觉的缺陷，如色盲 - 但每个人对颜色有都自己的感知，这种差异可能会非常显著。当然，我们仍希望能够调整发光装置的光谱分布，以找到在水族箱合适的颜色组合。

mynameismo

四、珊瑚的荧光发色特性
To watch coral fluorescence we shall irradiate the fluorescent proteins with light of a specific wavelength. Look at the adsorption and radiation wavelengths chart for most common fluorescent pigments available in marine organisms [9], shown in Fig. 8:
图8展示的是几种海洋生物中中最常见的荧光色素[9]，它们对特定波长的吸收有图中展示的激发特性


Fig. 8 Adsorption and emission wavelengths for fluorescent pigments available in marine organisms. The figure is courtesy of Dan Kelley
图8 荧光色素吸收-激发特性

The horizontal axis are the wavelengths which cause fluorescence in various chromoproteins; the vertical axis is the wavelength emitted as a result of fluorescence. You can see that virtually all pigments adsorb shorter wavelengths and emit longer wavelengths. As we have shown above, the eye is most susceptible to the 550nm range, and the closer the emitted light is to that wavelength, the brighter it will be perceived. Thus, specific proteins available in marine organisms adsorb the poorly visible to the eye short wavelengths and fluoresce with a color which looks much brighter to our eye. Under purely "actinic" light, which only contains shorter wavelengths, our fish tank will glow with bright colors, whereas the light from the fixture itself is almost invisible to the eye. This gives the impression of miniature light bulbs installed in each coral or polyp, which glow brightly in the dark!
横轴是导致荧光蛋白能显色的光波长;纵轴是所激发出荧光的波长。你可以看到，几乎所有的色素吸收波长较短而发出的波长更长。正如我们在上文所示，肉眼最敏感的光谱段在550nm的范围内，所以更靠近550nm的发射光更亮更易被察觉。因此，在海洋生物利用特定蛋白质吸收肉眼不太敏感的短波长光并发出更亮的荧光。在只有的“光化学”灯照射下（actinic light），灯只包含肉眼几乎是看不见的极短波长的光，而我们的鱼缸会发出鲜艳的荧光，就仿佛在每个珊瑚上安装了小灯泡一样！
Color of a coral, as perceived by the eye, also depends on the color of falling light. The color of any object that we see represents the reflected portion of the falling light spectrum. As we have pointed out above, when illuminated by a full-spectrum light, the leaves of most terrestrial plants adsorb almost all parts of the visible spectrum, and reflect the green part - therefore we perceive them as green. However, if we irradiate the leaves by a light in which the green part of the spectrum is missing - by red light, for example - they will seem black to us, because all falling light is adsorbed. In a similar manner, white object looks white under full spectral light, because it uniformly reflects all parts of the spectrum, but will "take up" the color of any light that we throw at it: red, green, blue, or their combination.
肉眼所见的珊瑚的颜色也取决于接收光的颜色。我们所看到的任何物体的颜色体现了接收到的光谱的反射部分。正如上文指出，当由全光谱光照射，大多数陆地植物的叶子吸收可见光谱的几乎所有部分，并反射绿色部分 - 因此，我们认为它们为绿色。然而，如果我们用缺失绿色光谱段的光照射的叶子 – 例如红色光 – 那对我们来说叶子会是黑色的，因为所有落入光被吸收。以类似的方式，白色物体看起来在全光谱的白光，因为它统统反射了全光谱的所有部分，但会呈现我们扔给它的任何颜色（红，绿，蓝，或它们的组合）。（译者注：此次take up语意不明）
Back to corals - let us consider an organism containing a protein which, when irradiated by the 420nm light, will fluoresce by the 520nm wavelength. For reasons of simplicity, suppose that our light source radiates only at the 420nm wavelength, and the coral adsorbs this light completely, without reflection. The human eye has extremely low sensitivity to this wavelength (almost invisible), whereas it is most sensitive to the wavelength radiated by the coral as a result of fluorescence. We shall see this fluorescence very well in the "dark" pure actinic light. If the light source includes radiation at other wavelengths, the resulting color of the marine organism will be added up from fluorescence and reflected light. If the light source contains wavelengths, to which the eye is very sensitive (especially in close proximity to the 550nm sensitivity peak), we will mainly see the light from the fixture, and perception of coral fluorescence will be weak on this bright background.
回到珊瑚上来，我们考虑某种荧光蛋白，当受到420nm波长的光照射时会发射出520纳米波长的光。为简单起见，假设我们的光源发射仅在420nm波长处，并且珊瑚完全吸附该光而不发生反射。人眼对该波段具有非常低的敏感性（以至几乎不可见），而该波段恰是激发珊瑚荧光的峰值波长。在“黑暗”纯光化灯的光线下我们将能很容易的看到这个荧光。如果光源包括其它波长，那么生物的所呈现的颜色将由发射的荧光和反射光相加。如果光源包含肉眼非常敏感的（特别是在靠近550nm的灵敏度峰值）波长，我们将主要感受灯发出的光，而在此明亮背景下我们感知到的珊瑚荧光将很弱。
Our conclusion is that for best observation of fluorescence, we shall illuminate the tank with such light that its reflected portion would least hinder us in seeing the light radiated by corals. Wavelengths required for fluorescence of all chromoproteins are numerous, and there is no single wavelength that could be used for making an ideal actinic light. Based on Fig. 8, fluorescence is observed in quite wide a range of falling light wavelengths, mainly between 400 and 500nm, and different organisms have different fluorescent protein sets. For best fluorescence we need the capacity to adjust the light spectrum in the 400 to 500nm range, according to the needs of a particular aquarium.
我们的结论是，要想最好的观察到荧光，我们将选择那些所在光谱段能最小限度的妨碍我们看到珊瑚荧光的光用于照明。要想激发所有的荧光蛋白发色所需的光谱是段是很宽的，所以没有单一波长的光源可以用来制作一个理想的光化灯。基于图。 8，荧光会被相当宽的范围内的光的所激发（主要是400至500纳米），并且不同的生物有不同的荧光蛋白集。为了最好的荧光效果，我们需要调整的光谱在400〜500nm的范围内，根据特定的水族馆的需要。
Note that the strongest fluorescence will be observed in 400-450nm range, particularly because the eye sensitivity in that range is very low. The light in this range is usually called "actinic light."
需要注意的是最强的荧光将在400-450 nm范围内可观察到的，特别是因为在这个范围内的眼睛的灵敏度非常低。在此范围内的光，通常被称为“光化光”。
Surely, coral fluorescence is one of the main factors to provide a reef tank's beauty, but the light in the 400-500nm range also has other importance: it is the most optimal light to promote marine photosynthesis. Therefore this part of the spectrum is of utmost importance for a reef tank.
当然，珊瑚荧光是造就一个美缸的主要因素，此外400-500纳米范围内的光也有其他的意义：它是促进海洋光合作用最理想的光源。因此，这部分的频谱对于水族箱至关重要。
This conclusion matches well with the experimental research in this field [16]. Fragments of Acropora millepora colony were maintained for six weeks under comparable amounts of red, green, and blue light. The conclusion of the article is that "the enhancement of coral pigmentation is primarily dependent on the blue component of the spectrum and regulated at the transcriptional level," and "light-driven accumulation of GFP-like proteins observed upon green light exposure is likely due to residual blue light passing the green filter." The experiments also revealed that radiation in the 430nm range is most efficient in promoting the protective bright coloration of the corals:"Among the known FPs and CPs, only the absorption properties of CFPs spectrally match the major absorption band of chlorophyll a and c at ~430 nm, making them suitable for effective shielding of the photosynthetic system of the zooxanthellae."
这一结论（译者注：400-500nm很重要）在珊瑚领域研究中 [16]得到印证。的鹿角在等光强下的红色，绿色，和蓝色光照射下饲养六个星期。文章的结论是，“珊瑚色素沉淀的增强，主要是依赖于光谱的蓝色分量上及其在基因转录水平上的调控，”并说明“在GFP蛋白质（译者注：GFP：绿色荧光蛋白，green fluorescent protein）上累积的光驱动影响（light-driven）可能是由于残余的蓝色光通过绿色隔离层引起的“。实验还发现，辐射在430纳米范围内最有效地促进生成亮色珊瑚保护层：“在已知的FP和CP（译者注：FP荧光蛋白fluorescent protein，CP色素蛋白 chromoprotein），只有CFP(译者注：CFP，青色荧光蛋白cyan fluorescent protein) 吸收光谱特性与叶绿素a和c的主要吸收带（约为430nm）相匹配，这使得它们能有效保护虫黄藻的光合系统。“

mynameismo

五、光强对于珊瑚显色的影响
The intensity of light is also very important for growth and active production of fluorescent chromoproteins.
光的强度对荧光色素蛋白产生也很重要。
A light source could be best characterized, perhaps, by spectral distribution of the optical radiation energy at different wavelengths. This characteristic is usually represented by the spectral curve. For most common light sources, however, the spectral characteristic is usually unavailable, and instead an estimated light flux is provided, in lumens.
光谱分布图最能体现光源的特征。这种特性通常是由光谱曲线来表示。然而，对于最普通的光源来说光谱特性通常是不可知的，我们只能估计光通量，以流明为单位。
Light flux in lumens is the visible light radiation power, as perceived by the human eye - depending on the eye's sensitivity to different wavelengths. Note: One lumen is the total luminous flux emitted uniformly by a light source with luminous intensity of one candela across a solid angle of one steradian (a cone with the angle of approximately 65.5° at the apex). Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of 555nm wavelength (i.e. the wavelength at the peak sensitivity of the human eye), and has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
光通量以流明为衡量可见光辐射功率的指标，然而作为人眼来对不同的波长的敏感度是不一样的。然后说了注明的定义：blabla，卡德卡的定义：blabla
One watt of optical power radiated at the 555nm wavelength corresponds to 683 lm. For any other wavelengths, it is equal to the optical power emitted at that wavelength multiplied by the luminosity function of the eye for the same wavelength. To determine total lumens emitted by a light source we need to sum up the lumens for all emitted wavelengths.
辐射强度为一视觉瓦的波长为555nm的光相当于683流明。计算其他波长的光功率时则需要进行换算，方法是乘以发光度函数而得该波长下的流明值。而总流明需要把所有发射波长的光源发出的总流明相加。
It is evident that the intensity equal light energy in various parts of the spectrum will be perceived differently by the eye: a powerful source in the 400-450nm range will be perceived as very dim light, and a light source emitting in the infrared region will seem black. Therefore an estimate of the light flux in lumens is only valid when light's spectral distribution is unimportant and the only thing that matters is brightness, as perceived by the eye.
显而易见的是，同等强度的光能量而波长不同的光将被眼睛的感知程度是不同的：在400-450纳米范围内的光能量很强的光源会被感知为非常暗的光，而在红外区的光源则会变成黑色。因此，当不考虑光谱分布，而只关心对于肉眼感知的光亮度时，光通量的估计（译者注：光通量估计，即照度测试）才是有意义的。
In our case, a more appropriate parameter for determination of light radiation would be the number of photons per second, falling on each meter square: μmol·photons/m2/s.
而我们的所考虑的用于测定的光辐射更合适的参数是每秒的光子数，即每秒落在每平方米范围内的光子数，单位：微摩尔·光子/平方米/秒。
During the hundreds of millions years of evolution marine photosynthetic organisms adapted to different light power levels. For each photosynthetic organism three threshold values can be defined [14]. First (least intensive) determines the minimum light required for the maintenance of photosynthetic organism's biomass - it is the minimum required light which will not result in gain or loss of mass. The second threshold value concerns illumination at which the photosynthesis efficiency is highest. And finally the third, upper threshold is the maximum light which can be utilized -there is no improvement in photosynthesis rate above that threshold. These three thresholds, of course, depend on particular organisms, but we can use an estimate for marine photosynthetic organisms living in shallow waters. We can safely call 80-100 μmol·photons/m2/s low light, 150-200 - medium, and 300-400 - optimal. The saturation limit of photosynthesis is about 600-700μmol·photons/m2/s.
在亿万年的时间里海洋光合生物适应了不同的光功率水平。我们可以给每个光合生物体定义3个阈值[14]。第一个值（最低强度）定义为光合生物所需的最低光 - 它是所需要的最小光，不会导致增益或质量损失。第二阈值定义为其光合作用效率最高值。第三个值，是光合作用所能利用的最大光值。当然，对于特定的生物，这三个阈值是不同的，但我们可以设定一个估计值适用于生活在浅水水域的海洋光合生物。我们可以设定80-100微摩尔·光子/平方米/ 秒为低光，数值150-200 为中光强，数值300-400 为最合适的光强。光合作用的饱和极限为约600-700μmol·光子/平方米/秒。
In our reef tank, we shall achieve a significantly better illumination than the minimum threshold - preferably near the optimal threshold.
在我们的水族箱中，我们将努力营造光强大大高于最低阈值的照明 - 最好是接近最优的阈值的照明。
Let us consider yet another experiment with Acropora millepora to illustrate the production of chromo proteins under less than optimal illumination, and when the light level is in optimal value for the species (Fig.9).
我们看看另一个实验，图9展示了鹿角珊瑚在低于最适光强下以及在最适光强下所生成色素蛋白的情况。

9

Fig.9 An experiment with Acropora millepora illustrating the production of chromo proteins insufficient for photosynthesis, and intensity for optimal illumination for this species.
图9，鹿角珊瑚在光强不足及光强适当时色素蛋白生成情况

Regarding light intensity this work also states that chromo proteins are not formed under illumination levels below 100 μmol·photons/m2·s, and their number grows almost linearly along with the increase of light intensity up to about 700 μmol·photons/m2·s.
However, it is not always a good idea to provide as much light in home aquaria, since a coral can become very demanding to its environment parameters under such high levels of illumination. Under less than perfect conditions such high levels of illumination can yield a contrary result: coral bleaching.
关于光强方面还应指出，染色体蛋白质在低于100微摩尔·光子/平方米·秒的光强度情况下是不会生长的；而当光照强度增加至约700微摩尔·光子/平方米·秒时，色蛋白数量几乎随着光照强度呈线性增长
然而，为水族箱中提供尽可能多的光并不总是一个好主意，过高的光强会使珊瑚变得对环境要求非常的苛刻。在不完美的环境条件下，高照明可能产生反作用：珊瑚白化。
The experiment illustrates that optimal light levels improve coral growth and coloration, both for ordinary and fluorescent chromoproteins.
实验表明最佳的光照水平有助于珊瑚的生长并使其显色（无论是普通色素蛋白还是荧光色素蛋白）。

海水小虾

顶一个，学习了

泡泡

非常深入，还有吗，期待更新

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